Sustainable simulated commodity tropical hardwood panel

ABSTRACT

A simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel includes an engineered veneer face including a first wood from one or more sustainable sources of wood. The face has a dyed coloring, a simulated grain, or a dyed coloring and a simulated grain that is substantially similar to the coloring, grain, or coloring and grain of a tropical hardwood veneer. The panel further includes a back and a core disposed between the face and back. The face, the core and back are stacked and adhered together to form a laminated panel. The face of the simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel has an appearance that is substantially similar to the appearance of the face veneer of a commodity tropical hardwood-based panel that includes the tropical hardwood veneer. The panel comprises no tropical hardwood from a non-sustainable source of wood.

CROSS RELATION TO PRIOR APPLICATION

The present invention claims benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/258,952, filed Nov. 6, 2009 which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to plywood panels that are alternatives tocommodity tropical hardwood-based panels that include wood fromnon-sustainable tropical sources. More particularly, the inventionrelates to a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel that hasan engineered face veneer produced from wood from one or moresustainable sources of wood and has the simulated appearance of atropical hardwood veneer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Some plywood panels used in the construction industry, furnitureindustry, cabinet industry, and the like commonly include one or moreplies of tropical hardwoods. One example of such a plywood panel isLauan plywood. Lauan plywood is typically used for non-decorativeapplications such as flooring underlayment, internal or hidden portionsof furniture and cabinetry, and the like. Lauan plywood and similarplywoods are a commodity product sold by lumber supply wholesalers andretailers. Traditionally, Lauan plywood panels and other similar plywoodpanels include one or more tropical hardwood plies produced from woodharvested from tropical forests located in tropical regions such asIndonesia and Malaysia. Such tropical forests have become increasinglyvulnerable to the adverse consequences of environmentally destructivetree harvesting practices. Such harvesting practices can lead to severesoil erosion, increased incidents of illegal logging, and poor soilfertility, for example.

For these reasons, substantial efforts are being made to significantlyreduce or eliminate the importation and sale of products that containtropical hardwoods harvested from endangered tropical forests. Inparticular, there is a demand for substitute wood products that includelittle or no wood from endangered tropical forests, and instead includewood from sustainable sources of wood (the term “sustainable source(s)of wood” is defined below). Accordingly, there is a need for hardwoodplywood panels that include no tropical hardwoods from endangeredtropical forests and instead include wood from one or more sustainablesources of wood. More specifically, there is a need for a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel that includes no tropicalhardwood from non-sustainable wood sources, yet has the visualappearance of the tropical hardwood panel that it replaces. Preferably,purchasers and users of such a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel would have difficulty differentiating between thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel and a commoditytropical hardwood-based panel that it replaces.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention satisfies these and other needs by providing asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel that includes no woodfrom a non-sustainable source of wood. In one embodiment, a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel includes an engineered veneerface including a first wood from one or more sustainable sources ofwood. The face can have a dyed coloring, simulated grain, or dyedcoloring and simulated grain that is substantially similar to thecoloring, grain or coloring and grain of a tropical hardwood veneer. Thepanel can further include a back and a core disposed between the faceand back. The face, the core and back can be stacked and adheredtogether to form a laminated panel. The face of the simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based panel can have an appearance that issubstantially similar to the appearance of a face veneer of a commoditytropical hardwood-based panel that includes a tropical hardwood veneer.The panel includes no tropical hardwood from a source of wood that isnot sustainable.

In another embodiment, the invention includes a method of producing asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel. The method caninclude the steps of cutting a face veneer from wood from one or moresustainable sources of wood, and whitening, dyeing, or whitening anddyeing the face veneer such that the face veneer has a coloring, asimulated grain, or a coloring and simulated grain that is substantiallysimilar to the coloring, grain, or coloring and grain of a selectedtropical hardwood veneer. The method can further include adhering theface veneer and two or more wood plies that include one or morehardwoods from one or more sustainable sources of wood to form alaminated panel.

In another embodiment, the invention includes a plywood panel having anengineered face veneer including a hardwood from one or more sustainablesources of wood. The face veneer can be whitened, dyed, or whitened anddyed to have an appearance that is substantially similar to theappearance of a face veneer of a commodity tropical hardwood-basedplywood panel.

The invention also includes a laminate structure that includes a face, acore, a back (that may also be referred to as a series of plies) and anadhesive deposited between the plies and securing the plies together.The face, core, and back (each ply) may each have a desired thickness,which may be the same or different. The face can include an engineeredveneer having a simulated grain substantially running along either adesired length of the simulated commodity tropical hardwood-basedlaminate structure or a desired width of the simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based laminate structure. Each of the face, core, andback (each ply) can include one or more hardwoods including one or morenon-tropical species, one or more plantations species, or one or morenon-tropical plantations species, or combinations thereof.

A simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel according to variousaspects and embodiments of the present invention may be provided in asustainable manner at substantially the same cost or at a lower costthan the cost of a commodity tropical hardwood-based panel for which thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel is an alternative. Tothat end, a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel accordingto various aspects and embodiments of the present invention includeswood from one or more sustainable sources of wood, and includes no woodfrom a source of wood that is not sustainable.

As used herein, the term “engineered veneer” generally means a veneermaterial produced from wood, generally without using computer assisteddesign stimulation, by cutting wood to a thickness of about 0.1 mm-0.4mm followed by whitening and dyeing. Engineered veneers typicallyemulate only a color of natural wood species or colors of fantastic ornonexistent wood species. Engineered veneers may be provided at massproduced levels for commoditized consumption. Textures of engineeredveneers typically are substantially homogeneous and/or nondescript.Colors of engineered veneers can be artificially controlled.Discoloration, knots, and wormholes inherent to natural veneers can beavoided. Engineered veneer might be used in the non-decorative areas offurniture, sub-flooring, boards, windows, doors, and arts & crafts.

As used herein, the term “fancy engineered veneer” generally means adecorative veneer material produced from wood, generally using computerassisted design stimulation, by cutting wood to a thickness of about 0.1mm-0.4 mm followed by whitening and dyeing. Fancy engineered veneers canbe made to emulate the morphology and color of natural wood species aswell as the texture and color of fantastic or nonexistent wood species.Fancy engineered veneers are provided at custom levels forindividualized consumption. Textures and colors of fancy engineeredveneers can be artificially controlled. Discoloration, knots, andwormholes inherent to natural veneers can be avoided, if desired. Fancyengineered veneer is commonly used in the area of furniture, decoration,flooring, decorative boards, windows, doors, sporting goods, woodsculpture, and arts & crafts, and typically is exposed to view in itsfinal application.

As used herein, the terms “sustainable source of wood” and “sustainablesources of wood” generally mean a source of wood or sources of wood(hereinafter source or sources) that encourage an efficient use of themultiple products and services of the source or sources to strive towardeconomic viability while considering environmental benefits and socialbenefits. In striving toward economic viability, environmental, social,and operational costs of production may be taken into account whileensuring the investments that could be necessary to maintain theecological productivity of the source or sources. Operations wouldencourage an optimal use and local processing of the source's orsources' diversity of products. Management would encourage minimizingwaste associated with harvesting and on-site processing operations whilestriving to avoid damage to other resources of the source or sources.Management could strive to strengthen and diversify the local economy,avoiding dependence on a single product from the source or sources.Management operations could recognize, maintain, and where appropriate,enhance the value of services and resources of the source or sourcessuch as watersheds and fisheries. A rate of harvest of wood productswould not exceed levels which can be permanently sustained for thesource or sources. To that end, a source or sources of wood that wouldcomply or comply with “Principle #5: Benefits from the forest”[FSC-STD-01-001 (April 2004) FSC Principles and Criteria for ForestStewardship approved by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) GeneralAssembly on the 9^(th) of December 2005] come within the meaning of theterms “sustainable source of wood” and “sustainable sources of wood”. Itfollows that a source or sources of wood that would comply or complywith FSC-STD-01-001 (April 2004) FSC Principles and Criteria for ForestStewardship approved by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) GeneralAssembly on the 9 Dec. 2005 come within the meaning of the terms“sustainable source of wood” and “sustainable sources of wood”. Also, asource or sources of wood that would comply or comply withFSC-STD-40-005 (Version 2-1) EN FSC standard for company evaluation ofFSC Controlled Wood having an effective date of the 1^(st) of January2007 for primary manufacturers and the 1^(st) of January 2008 forsecondary manufacturers as well as small enterprises come within themeaning of the terms “sustainable source of wood” and “sustainablesources of wood”. Furthermore, a source or sources of wood that wouldcomply or comply with FSC-STD-40-004 (Version 1-0) EN FSC chain ofcustody standard for companies supplying and manufacturing FSC-certifiedproducts adopted by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) having aneffective date of the 1 Oct. 2004 (Note: All new FSC chain of custodycertification applicants will be evaluated against FSC-STD-40-004(Version 1-0) FSC standard from 1 Jan. 2006. All FSC chain of custodycertificate holders are required to comply with FSC-STD-40-004 (Version1-0) FSC standard by 1 Jan. 2007.) are within the meaning of the terms“sustainable source of wood” and “sustainable sources of wood”.Furthermore, a source or sources of wood that would comply or complywith one or more of Forest Stewardship Council standards (FSC-STD)listed in the Table 1 below come within the meaning of the terms“sustainable source of wood” and “sustainable sources of wood”. Theabove standards and those listed in the Table 1 below are herebyincorporated by reference.

TABLE 1 Forest Stewardship Council Standards (FSC-STD) Approval/Finalization Effective Standard Version Title Date Date FSC-STD-01-0014-0 FSC Principles and Criteria 2005 Dec. 09 FSC-STD-01-003 1-0 Smalland Low Intensity 2004 Nov. 30 2006 Feb. 16 Managed Forests (SLIMF)eligibility criteria FSC-STD-01-003a 2009 Aug. 31 Small and LowIntensity 2009 May 15 Managed Forests (SLIMF) eligibility criteriaaddendum FSC-STD-20-002 2-1 Structure and content of 2004 Nov. 30 2006Jan. 01 Forest Stewardship Standards FSC-STD-20-002 3-0 Structure,content and local 2009 Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 adaptation of generic foreststewardship standards FSC-STD-20-003 2-1 Local adaptation of generic2004 Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01 Forest Stewardship Standards FSC-STD-20-0052-1 Forest pre-evaluation visits 2004 Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01FSC-STD-20-006 2-1 Stakeholder consultation 2004 Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01for forest evaluation FSC-STD-20-006 3-0 Stakeholder consultation 2009Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 for forest evaluation FSC-STD-20-007 2-1 Forestmanagement 2004 Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01 evaluation FSC-STD-20-007 3-0Forest management 2009 Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 evaluations FSC-STD-20-007a1-0 Forest management 2009 Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 evaluations addendum -forest certification reports FSC-STD-20-007b 1-0 Forest management 2009Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 evaluations addendum - forest certification publicsummary reports FSC-STD-20-008 2-1 Forest certification reports 2004Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01 FSC-STD-20-009 2-1 Forest Certification Public 2004Nov. 30 2005 Jan. 01 summaries FSC-STD-20-011 1-1 Chain of Custody (CoC)2007 Nov. 09 2008 Jan. 01 evaluations FSC-STD-20-012 1-1 Standard forevaluation of 2007 Sep. 14 2007 Sep. 14 FSC Controlled Wood in ForestManagement (FM) Enterprises FSC-STD-30-005 1-0 Standard for groupentities 2009 Aug. 31 2010 Jan. 01 in forest management groupsFSC-STD-30-010 2-0 FSC Controlled Wood 2006 Oct. 04 2007 Jan. 01standard for FM enterprises FSC-STD-40-003 1-0 Multi-site Certificationfor 2007 Jun. 29 2009 Jan. 01 Chain of Custody Operations FSC-STD-40-0042-0 FSC Standard for Chain of 2007 Nov. 09 2008 Jan. 01 Custody (CoC)certification FSC-STD-40-004a 1-0 FSC Product classification 2007 Dec.20 2008 Jan. 01 FSC-STD-40-004b 1-0 FSC Species terminology 2007 Dec. 202008 Jan. 01 FSC-STD-40-005 2-1 FSC standard for company 2007 Apr. 012007 Apr. 01 evaluation of controlled wood FSC-STD-40-006 1-0 FSC CoCstandard for 2006 Jun. 29 2006 Jul. 01 Project CertificationFSC-STD-40-007 1-0 FSC Standard for Sourcing 2007 Nov. 09 2008 Jan. 01Reclaimed Material for Use in FSC Product Groups or FSC-certifiedProjects FSC-STD-60-006 1-1 Process Requirements for 2009 Apr. 01 theDevelopment and Maintenance of Forest Stewardship Standards

As used herein, the term “commodity” generally refers to a wood productthat is interchangeable with another wood product of the same type orgrade. The wood product may be used as inputs in the production of othergoods, such as consumer products, or services. The quality of a givenwood product may differ slightly, but it may essentially be uniformand/or undifferentiated between producers. As it may beundifferentiated, a commodity wood product may be characterized by a lowprofit margin, as distinguished from branded wood products. Investorsmay buy or sell a commodity wood product through futures contracts. Theprice of a commodity wood product may be subject to supply and demand.When traded on an exchange, commodity wood products typically must meetspecified minimum standards, known as a basis grade. Examples ofcommodity wood products may be found among those of Chapter 44 (Wood andArticles of Wood; Wood Charcoal), Section IX (Wood and Articles of Wood;Wood Charcoal; Cork And Articles Of Cork; Manufacturers of Straw, ofEsparto or of Other Plaiting Materials; Basketware and Wickerwork) ofthe Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2009)—Supplement 1(Effective 2009-02-01), and include those of Heading/SubHeading:

-   -   4408 (Sheets for veneering of a thickness not exceeding 6 mm);    -   4410 (Particle board, oriented strand board (OSB) and similar        board);    -   4411 (Medium density fiberboard (MDF));    -   4412 (Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood); and    -   4418 (Builders' joinery and carpentry of wood, including        cellular wood panels and assembled flooring panels; shingles and        shakes).

Chapter 44, Section IX of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the UnitedStates (2009)—Supplement 1 (Effective 2009-02-01) is herein incorporatedby reference.

Aspects of embodiments and embodiments of the present invention relateto a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel including one ormore temperate hardwoods, one or more boreal hardwoods, or combinationsthereof. According to some aspects, the face includes a temperatehardwood or a boreal hardwood.

According to other aspects of the invention, a simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based panel, aside from its face, includes a woodselected from any one of an aspen (Populus spp.), a birch (Betula spp.),a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), a gmelina (Gmelina arborea), a pine(Pinus spp.), a yellow poplar (Liriodendron spp.), a poplar (Populus),or a combination thereof.

According to other aspects, a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel includes a face including an engineered veneerconfigured to simulate a coloring of a tropical hardwood selected fromany one of an acajou d'afrique (Khaya spp.), alan (Shorea spp.), anandiroba (Carapa guianensis), a balau (Manilkara bidentata), a bintangor(Calophyllum spp.), a canarium (Canarium spp.), a cativo (Prioriacopaifera), a cedro (Cedrela spp.), a dark red meranti (Shorea spp.), aframire (Terminalia ivorensis), a fromager (Ceiba pentandra), a fuma(Ceiba pentandra), geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens), an ilomba(Pycnanthus angolensis), a jequitiba (Cariniana pyriformis and Carinianaspp.), a kapur (Dryobalanops spp.), a kempas (Koompassia malaccensis), akeruing (Dialium spp.), a light red meranti (Shorea spp.), a limba(Terminalia superba), a mengkulang (Heritiera spp., syn. Tarrietiaspp.), a mersawa (Anisoptera spp.), a nyatoh (Palaquium spp. and Payenaspp.), obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon), an okoume (Aucomea klaineana),a quaruba (Vochysia spp.), a sapelli (sapele) (Entandrophragmacylindricum), a sipo (Entandrophragma utile), a tiama (Entandrophragmaangolense), a virola (Dialyanthera spp.), a white lauan (Pentacmecontorta.), a white meranti (Shorea spp.), a white seraya (Parashoreaspp.), and a yellow meranti (Shorea spp.), or combination thereof.

According to other aspects, a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel includes a face including a wood selected from anyone of an aspen (Populus spp.), a poplar (Populus), a birch (Betulaspp.), a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), a gmelina (Gmelina arborea), anda pine (Pinus spp.), or combination thereof. In yet other aspects, asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel includes a faceincluding a poplar (Populus), a birch (Betula spp.) or a combinationthereof.

According to some aspects and embodiments of the present invention, aface of a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel can includeany one of:

-   -   (a) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on random        sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on random sampling of a veneer which the face was        configured to simulate;    -   (b) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on random        sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on random sampling of a veneer which the face was        configured to simulate;    -   (c) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on random sampling less than a within face visual        consistency as quantified using the coefficient of variation        (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on random sampling        of a veneer which the face was configured to simulate;    -   (d) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on stratified random sampling of a veneer which the face        was configured to simulate;    -   (e) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on stratified random sampling of a veneer which        the face was configured to simulate;    -   (f) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on stratified random sampling less than a within face        visual consistency as quantified using the coefficient of        variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on        stratified random sampling of a veneer which the face was        configured to simulate; or    -   (g) any combination of two or more of the preceding.

According to some other aspects and embodiments of the presentinvention, a face of a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panelcan include any one of:

-   -   (i) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on random        sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer configured        to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (ii) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on random        sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer        configured to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (iii) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on random sampling less than a within face visual        consistency as quantified using the coefficient of variation        (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on random sampling        of a fancy engineered veneer configured to simulate tropical        hardwood;    -   (iv) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on stratified random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer        configured to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (v) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on stratified random sampling of a fancy        engineered veneer configured to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (vi) a within face visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on stratified random sampling less than a within face        visual consistency as quantified using the coefficient of        variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on        stratified random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer        configured to simulate tropical hardwood; or    -   (vii) any combination of two or more of the preceding.

According to other aspects of the invention, a simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based panel may have a thickness or desired thicknessfrom about 2 mm to about 30 mm (about 5/64″ to 1 3/16″). Examples ofthicknesses, without limitation, include (a) the metric sizes of about 2mm, about 2.4 mm, about 2.7 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.6 mm, about 4 mm,about 5.2 mm, about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 9 mm, about12 mm, about 15 mm, about 18 mm, and about 21 mm to about 30 mm; and (b)the standard or inch sizes of about 1/12″, about ¼″, about 5/16″, about⅜″, about 7/16″, about ½″, about 9/16″, about ⅝″, about 11/16″, about¾″, about 13/16″, about ⅞″, about 15/16″, about 1″, about 1⅛″, and about1 3/16″. Also, according to those or other aspects, a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel may have a length or desiredlength from about 1220 mm to about 3660 mm (about 4′ to about 12′) and awidth or desired width from about 610 mm to about 2440 mm (about 2′ toabout 8′).

According to other aspects and embodiments of the present invention, asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel may have a face of anengineered veneer including a plurality of elongated wood strips witheach wood strip having a thickness from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm(about 1/256″ to 7/256″). A simulated commodity tropical hardwood-basedpanel may also include a face having a thickness from about 0.1 mm toabout 0.8 mm (about 1/256″ to 7/256″).

According to further aspects or embodiments of the present invention, asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel may have a face thatincludes an engineered veneer having a plurality of elongated woodstrips including wood grain with each wood grain in each of the woodstrips extending substantially along a length of the strip. Alsoaccording to these or other aspects, a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel may have a face including an engineered veneerhaving a plurality of elongated wood strips bonded to each other bymeans of an adhesive. In further aspects, a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel may have a face including an engineered veneerhaving a plurality of elongated wood strips bonded to each other bymeans of an adhesive matched to the color of the wood whereby the jointsbetween the wood strips are substantially invisible. It will beappreciated that a face that includes an engineered veneer may be asolid unitary structure. Further, it will be appreciated that a facethat includes an engineered veneer may include a plurality of elongatedwood strips, each of the strips comprising a sufficient length tosubstantially extend continuously along (a) the desired length of thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based laminate structure or (b)the desired width of the simulated commodity tropical hardwood-basedlaminate structure. Moreover, it will be appreciated that a face thatincludes an engineered veneer may be a plurality of elongated woodstrips comprising wood grain, and the wood grain in each of the woodstrips can substantially extend along the lengths of the strips.

Accordingly, some aspects and embodiments of the present inventionprovide a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel including alaminate structure, a generally cuboidal shape, and one or morehardwoods. The laminate structure can include a face, a core, anadhesive deposited between the face and the core that secures the faceand the core together, a back, and an adhesive deposited between thecore and the back that secures the core and the back together. Thegenerally cuboidal shape has a desired length, a desired width, and adesired thickness. The one or more hardwoods can include one or morenon-tropical species, one or more plantations species, or one or morenon-tropical plantations species, or combinations thereof. At least theface of the simulated tropical hardwood-based panel includes a surfacedefined by the desired length and the desired width of the panel andcomposed substantially entirely of edge-grain. Also, the face caninclude a plurality of elongated wood strips each having exposededge-grain along at least one edge. The wood strips may be arranged insubstantially parallel stacked relationship to one another such that thesurface is collectively formed by the edges of the plurality of strips.

Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention provide asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel comprising a laminatestructure comprised of a series of plies including a face, plies havinga desired thickness, one or more hardwoods, and an adhesive depositedbetween the plies and securing the plies together. The face can includean engineered veneer of a simulated grain substantially running alongeither a desired length of the simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based laminate structure or a desired width of the simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based laminate structure. Each of the pliescan include one or more hardwoods including one or more non-tropicalspecies, one or more plantations species, or one or more non-tropicalplantations species, or combinations thereof.

Still other aspects and embodiments of the present invention provide asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel that includes alaminate wood structure in the form of a board including a face, adesired length, a desired width of lesser dimension than the desiredlength, a desired thickness of lesser dimension than the desired width,and one or more hardwoods. The face can include a plurality of elongatedwood strips having a length, a width, and a thickness. The lengthsubstantially equals one of either (a) the desired length of thelaminate wood structure or (b) the desired width of the laminate woodstructure. The thickness can be substantially uniform. An adhesive maybe deposited between the elongated wood strips. The substantiallyuniform thickness and either the wood strip length or the wood stripwidth can define an edge including exposed edge-grain. The adhesivebonds the elongated wood strips to each other in a substantiallyparallel stacked relation such that the edges of the wood strips aresubstantially co-planar with one another so as to form a surfacecomposed substantially of edge grain. The face can include a sufficientnumber of the elongated wood strips so that the totality of thesubstantially uniform thicknesses of the wood strips and thickness ofthe adhesive deposited therebetween is substantially equal to the otherof either (a) the desired length of the laminate wood structure and (b)the desired width of the laminate wood structure. The one or morehardwoods can include one or more non-tropical species, one or moreplantations species, or one or more non-tropical plantations species, orcombinations thereof.

Numerous other aspects of embodiments, embodiments, features, andadvantages of the present invention will be apparent from the followingdetailed description and the accompanying drawings. In the descriptionand/or the accompanying drawings, reference is made to exemplary aspectsof embodiments and/or embodiments of the invention which can be appliedindividually or combined in any way with each other. Such aspects ofembodiments and/or embodiments do not represent the full scope of theinvention. Reference should therefore be made to the claims herein forinterpreting the full scope of the invention. In the interest of brevityand conciseness, any ranges of values set forth in this specificationcontemplate all values within the range and are to be construed assupport for claims reciting any sub-ranges having endpoints which arereal number values within the specified range in question. By way of ahypothetical illustrative example, a disclosure in this specification ofa range of from 1 to 5 shall be considered to support claims to any ofthe following ranges: 1-5; 1-4; 1-3; 1-2; 2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and4-5. Also in the interest of brevity and conciseness, it is to beunderstood that such terms as “is,” “are,” “includes,” “having,”“comprises,” and the like are words of convenience and are not to beconstrued as limiting terms and yet may encompass the terms “comprises,”“consists essentially of,” “consists of,” and the like as isappropriate.

These and other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the presentinvention will become apparent from the following detailed description,the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure according toone embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1B is an exploded perspective view of the laminate structure ofFIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a photograph illustrating a face of a laminate structureaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a process of peeling a log toproduce a veneer for use in a laminate structure according to oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a veneer log or flitchaccording to certain aspects or embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view illustrating a portion of a process forslicing a veneer log or flitch to make an engineered veneer according tocertain aspects and embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of an engineered veneerconstructed of elongated wood strips according to certain aspects andembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure that includesan engineered veneer face, an engineered veneer back, and a coreaccording to certain aspects and embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6B is a diagram an exploded perspective view of the laminatestructure of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure including anengineered veneer face, a veneer back in a crossband configuration, anda core including a crossband veneer ply and a veneer ply between theengineered veneer face and the veneer back according to certain aspectsand embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 7B is an exploded perspective view of the laminate structure ofFIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure including anengineered veneer face, an engineered veneer back, and a core thatincludes a veneer ply sandwiched between two crossband veneer pliesbetween the engineered veneer face and the engineered veneer backaccording to certain aspects and embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 8B is an exploded perspective view of the laminate structure ofFIG. 8A;

FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure including anengineered veneer face, a veneer back, and a core including twocrossband veneer plies alternating with two veneer plies between theengineered veneer face and the veneer back according to certain aspectsand embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9B is an exploded perspective view of the laminate structure ofFIG. 9A.

FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of a laminate structure including anengineered veneer face, an engineered veneer back, and a core includingtwo veneer plies sandwiched between three crossband veneer plies betweenthe engineered veneer face and the engineered veneer back according tocertain aspects and embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10B is an exploded perspective view of the laminate structure ofFIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A is a photograph of an engineered veneer face according tocertain aspects and embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11B is a higher magnification photograph of the engineered veneerof FIG. 11A.

FIG. 11C is another higher magnification photograph of the engineeredveneer of FIGS. 11A and 11B.

FIG. 12A is a photograph of a Meranti veneer face according to the priorart.

FIG. 12B is a higher magnification photograph of the Meranti veneer faceof FIG. 12A.

FIG. 12C is another higher magnification photograph of a Meranti veneerface of FIGS. 12A and 12B.

FIG. 13A is a photograph of a Bintangor veneer face according to theprior art.

FIG. 13B is a higher magnification photograph of a Bintangor veneer faceof FIG. 13A.

FIG. 13C is another photograph of the Bintangor veneer face of FIGS. 13Aand 13B.

FIG. 14A is a photograph of an Okoume veneer face according to the priorart.

FIG. 14B is a higher magnification photograph of the Okoume veneer faceof FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is another photograph of the Okoume veneer face of FIGS. 14Aand 14B.

FIG. 15A is a schematic diagram showing a process for visuallycharacterizing a face of a laminate structure including an engineeredveneer face according to certain aspects and embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 15B is a schematic diagram showing an example of a simple randomsampling pattern for use in visually characterizing a face of a laminatestructure including an engineered veneer face according to certainaspects and embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 15C is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a stratifiedsimple random sampling for use in visually characterizing a face of alaminate structure including an engineered veneer face according tocertain aspects and embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, like reference characters designate likeor corresponding parts throughout the several views shown in thefigures. It is also understood that terms such as “top,” “bottom,”“outward,” “inward,” and the like are words of convenience and are notto be construed as limiting terms.

Referring to the drawings in general and to FIGS. 1A-11C in particular,it will be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose ofdescribing certain aspects and embodiments of the invention and are notintended to limit the invention thereto.

FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 6A-10B show a laminate structure (generally designatedby reference numeral 10) of a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel according to the invention. Such a laminatestructure includes a face 12, a back 14 and a core 16 therebetween. Theface 12 includes an engineered veneer 32. The back 14 may or may not bean engineered veneer 32. When not comprised of an engineered veneer 32,back 14 may be a veneer 24. The core 16 of the laminate structure 10 maybe a single layer as depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B or the core 16 may be aplurality of core members or plies, such as, core members or plies 16Aand 16B of FIGS. 7A-7B; core members or plies 16A, 16B, and 16C of FIGS.8A-8B; core members or plies 16A, 16B, 16C, and 16D of FIGS. 9A-9B; andcore members or plies 16A, 16B, 16C, 16D, and 16E of FIGS. 10A-10B.Between the face 12 and the core 16 is an adhesive 18. Likewise, betweenthe core 16 and the back 14 is an adhesive 18. FIG. 1B illustrates anexploded view of the laminate structure of FIG. 1A. As can be seen, theface 12 comprised of the engineered veneer 32 and the back 14 sandwich acore 16. FIG. 1C presents a photograph illustrating an example of a face12 of an engineered veneer 32 on a laminate structure 10 made accordingto aspects of the embodiments of the present invention. Those skilled inthe art, after having been exposed to and/or having studied the aspectsof embodiment and embodiments of the present invention, will appreciatethe structure of elongated wood strips in a substantially parallelstacked relation in photograph FIG. 1C. Also indicated in FIG. 1A are athickness (TO of the face 12, a thickness (Tb) of the back 14, athickness (Tc) of the core 16, and the overall thickness (Tls) of thelaminate structure 10. The thicknesses (Tls) of the laminate structures10 may be any value and is not limited to nominal commercialthicknesses, such as, (a) the metric sizes of about 2 mm, about 2.4 mm,about 2.7 mm, about 3.2 mm, about 3.6 mm, about 4 mm, about 5.2 mm,about 5.5 mm, about 6 mm, about 6.5 mm, about 9 mm, about 12 mm, about15 mm, about 18 mm, and about 21 mm to about 30 mm; and/or (b) thestandard or inch sizes of about 1/12″, about ¼″, about 5/16″, about ⅜″,about 7/16″, about ½″, about 9/16″, about ⅝″, about 11/16″, about ¾″,about 13/16″, about ⅞″, about 15/16″, about 1″, about 1⅛″, and about 13/16″. Also, according to those or other aspects, a simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based panel may have a length or desired length fromabout 1220 mm to about 3660 mm (about 4′ to about 12′) and a width ordesired width from about 610 mm to about 2440 mm (about 2′ to about 8′).Additionally, those skilled in the art, after having been exposed toand/or having studied the aspects of embodiment and embodiments of thepresent invention, will appreciate that the sum of the thickness (Tf) ofthe face 12, a thickness (Tc) of the core 16, and the thickness (Tb) ofthe back 14, are substantially equal to the thickness (Tls) of thelaminate structure 10.

FIGS. 2-4 illustrate portions of processes for producing a plurality ofveneers 24, 24′, 24″, . . . 24 ^(n) usable in a laminate structure 10and/or an engineered veneer 32 according to aspects and embodiments ofthe present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, a log or flitch 20 of anon-tropical species or a plantation species is placed in a commerciallyavailable piece of equipment so as to cut veneers 24, 24′, 24″, . . .24″ therefrom. Those skilled in the art, after having been exposed toand/or having studied the aspects of embodiment and embodiments of thepresent invention, will appreciate that veneers 24, 24′, 24″, . . . 24″may be cut by any one of rotary peeling, quarter cut slicing, crown orflat cut slicing, half-round slicing, sawing, or combination thereof. Inparticular, the diagram of FIG. 2 illustrates rotary peeling a log orflitch 20 using a knife 22 to produce a plurality of veneers 24, 24′. Asthe diagram of FIG. 2 illustrates, these veneers 24, 24′ and additionalveneers 24″, . . . 24″ may then be combined into a set of multipleveneers 26. Between adjacent veneers 24, 24′; veneers 24′, 24″; . . .and veneers 24 ^(n-1), 24 ^(n) of the set of multiple veneers 26 isplaced an adhesive 18. The set of multiple veneers 26 is then subjectedto force using the platens of a press for a prescribed time, at aprescribe temperature to create a veneer log or flitch 30. In turn, theveneer log or flitch 30 is sliced using a knife 22 to create engineeredveneers 30, 30′. As the diagram of FIG. 5 illustrates, the engineeredveneer 32 is comprised of elongated wood strips in a substantiallyparallel stacked relation (i.e., transverse cross-sections of veneers24, 24′, 24″, . . . 24′ sliced from the log or flitch 20).

Those skilled in the art, after having been exposed to and/or havingstudied the aspects of embodiment and embodiments of the presentinvention, will appreciate that an adhesive 18, according to aspects ofembodiments and embodiments of the present invention, preferablyincludes an adhesive having negligible or low formaldehyde emissions(LFE). Information developed by numerous organizations for otherwood-based panels has consistently shown that formaldehyde emissionassociated with phenolic resin is extremely low. Results from otherwood-based panels have shown that formaldehyde emissions may be near theminimum levels detectable by formaldehyde emission testing that havebeen established (e.g. JAS F****, DIN E1, or EN Release Class A).Likewise, a laminate structure 10 bonded with phenol formaldehyde alsomay have negligible formaldehyde emissions, and therefore such laminatestructures 10 may be certified to PS1-07 which would be deemed to beexempt from California Air Resources Board (CARB) requirements.

A phenol formaldehyde is a two component synthetic adhesive. Forexample, phenol (with the chemical formula C₆H₅OH) is reacted withformaldehyde (with the chemical formula CH₂O) at temperatures of about652° C. to produce a thermosetting (heat hardening) resin. This resin isa new chemical entity that possesses properties that are completelydistinct from those of either phenol or formaldehyde, with theformaldehyde converted to stable methylene linkages which do not breakdown under exterior end use conditions. Typically, a phenolic resin maybe supplied to a wood-based panel manufacturer in a water solutionpremixed with a catalyst (caustic soda). Soda ash and bulkingingredients called fillers and extenders (e.g., bark and wheat flours)may be added to improve adhesive characteristics of the mix.Alternatively, other types of adhesives may also be used as the adhesivematerial 18.

Laminate structures 10 may be manufactured by bonding face 12, core 16,and back 14 with a phenolic resin adhesive mix, and polymerizing (e.g.,curing or hardening) the adhesive in a “hot press”. The hot press wouldsubject laminate structure 10 to temperature of about 150° C. (300° F.)and a pressure of about 1.4 MPa (200 psi), resulting in an inert waterand boil-proof bond.

As noted, information developed by numerous organizations hasconsistently shown that formaldehyde emission associated with phenolicresin-bonded wood-based panels is extremely low. This is attributable tocharacteristics of the adhesive and polymerization of the resin duringthe manufacturing process (described previously). Formaldehyde emissiontesting of laminate structure 10 may be conducted by various accreditedlaboratories, using internationally accepted test procedures such as:

-   -   ASTM E1333-90 “Large Chamber”;    -   Japanese JAS “Desiccator”;    -   European Standard EN 120 “Perforator”; or    -   DIN 52368/EN 717 “Gas-analysis”.

Laminate structure 10 manufactured with phenol formaldehyde adhesive mayqualify for the low formaldehyde emitting materials credit in theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Building RatingSystem, and also may be exempt from the California Air Resources Board's(CARB) regulations controlling formaldehyde emissions from compositewood products.

Those skilled in the art, after having been exposed to and/or havingstudied the aspects of embodiment and embodiments of the presentinvention, will appreciate that in using an engineered veneer 32 as aface 12 according to aspects of embodiments and embodiments of thepresent invention, a laminate structure 10 may be characterized ashaving more consistent visual characterization within the board oflaminate structure.

According to some aspects and embodiments of the present invention, aface 12 of a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel mayinclude any one of:

-   -   (a) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on random        sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on random sampling of a veneer which the face 12 was        configured to simulate;    -   (b) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on random        sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on random sampling of a veneer which the face 12        was configured to simulate;    -   (c) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on random sampling less than a within face 12 visual        consistency as quantified using the coefficient of variation        (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on random sampling        of a veneer which the face 12 was configured to simulate;    -   (d) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of color        based on stratified random sampling of a veneer which the face        12 was configured to simulate;    -   (e) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of contrast based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of        contrast based on stratified random sampling of a veneer which        the face 12 was configured to simulate;    -   (f) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v))        based on stratified random sampling less than a within face 12        visual consistency as quantified using the coefficient of        variation (c_(v)) of luminous intensity (I_(v)) based on        stratified random sampling of a veneer which the face 12 was        configured to simulate; or    -   (g) any combination of two or more of the preceding.

According to certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panels having visualconsistencies according to (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and/or (g)above may be substantially consistent from panel to panel within thesame production batch (panel to panel consistency) and/or substantiallyconsistent from panel to panel from different production batches (batchto batch consistency).

Furthermore, a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel mayinclude any one of:

-   -   (i) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (cv) of color based on random sampling        less than a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified        using the coefficient of variation (cv) of color based on random        sampling of a fancy engineered veneer configured to simulate        tropical hardwood;    -   (ii) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (cv) of contrast based on random        sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (cv) of contrast        based on random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer configured        to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (iii) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using        the coefficient of variation (cv) of luminous intensity (Iv)        based on random sampling less than a within face 12 visual        consistency as quantified using the coefficient of        variation (cv) of luminous intensity (Iv) based on random        sampling of a fancy engineered veneer configured to simulate        tropical hardwood;    -   (iv) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (cv) of color based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (cv) of color        based on stratified random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer        configured to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (v) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (cv) of contrast based on stratified        random sampling less than a within face 12 visual consistency as        quantified using the coefficient of variation (cv) of contrast        based on stratified random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer        configured to simulate tropical hardwood;    -   (vi) a within face 12 visual consistency as quantified using the        coefficient of variation (cv) of luminous intensity (Iv) based        on stratified random sampling less than a within face 12 visual        consistency as quantified using the coefficient of        variation (cv) of luminous intensity (Iv) based on stratified        random sampling of a fancy engineered veneer configured to        simulate tropical hardwood; or    -   (vii) any combination of two or more of the preceding.

According to certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panels having visualconsistencies according to (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), and/or(vii) above may be substantially consistent from panel to panel withinthe same production batch (panel to panel consistency) and/orsubstantially consistent from panel to panel from different productionbatches (batch to batch consistency).

To that end, applicant contemplates that practitioners in the buildingtrades would find it easier and more desirable to work with such asimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel according to thepresent invention since variations that are otherwise characteristic ofcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel may be reduced or eliminated.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show a laminate structure 10 including a face 12 and aback 14, both comprised of an engineered veneer 32, and a core 16according to aspects of embodiment and embodiments of the presentinvention. The core 16 may be a veneer 24 in a crossband configurationor a plurality of alternated veneers 24, . . . 24 ^(x). A laminatestructure 10 as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, may advantageously include aface 12 and back 14 having less visual variability or more visualconsistency as both are comprised of an engineered veneer 32. As notedearlier, it is contemplated that practitioners in the building tradeswould find it easier and more desirable to work with such a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel as variations that are otherwisecharacteristic of commodity tropical hardwood-based panel may be reducedor eliminated thereby alleviating variability concerns.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show a laminate structure 10 including a face 12 of anengineered veneer 32 and a back 14 of a veneer 24. Between the face 12and back 14 are core members or plies 16A and 16B with core member orply 16A in a crossband configuration. Likewise, those skilled in theart, after having been exposed to and/or having studied the aspects ofembodiment and embodiments of the present invention, will appreciatethat the back 14 may be in a crossband configuration and that thelaminate structure 10 is an unbalanced construction.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a laminate structure 10 including a face 12 of anengineered veneer 32, a back 14 of an engineered veneer 32, and a core16 including core members or plies 16A, 16B, and 16C with core membersor plies 16A and 16C in a crossband configuration. Likewise, thoseskilled in the art, after having been exposed to and/or having studiedthe aspects of embodiment and embodiments of the present invention, willappreciate that the laminate structure 10 may be in an unbalancedconstruction.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show a laminate structure 10 including a face 12 of anengineered veneer 32, a back 14 of a veneer 24, and a core 16 includingcore members or plies 16A, 16B, 16C, and 16D with core members or plies16A and 16C in a crossband configuration. Likewise, those skilled in theart, after having been exposed to and/or having studied the aspects ofembodiment and embodiments of the present invention, will appreciatethat the back 14 may in a crossband configuration and that the laminatestructure 10 is an unbalanced construction.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show a laminate structure 10 including a face 12 of anengineered veneer 32, a back 14 of an engineered veneer 32, and a core16 including core members or plies 16A, 16B, 16C, 16D, and 16E with coremembers or plies 16A, 16C, and 16E in a crossband configuration.Likewise, those skilled in the art, after having been exposed to and/orhaving studied the aspects of embodiment and embodiments of the presentinvention, will appreciate that the laminate structure 10 is a balancedconstruction.

FIGS. 11A through 11C show photographs of an engineered veneer 32 madeusing logs from a sustainable source of wood according to aspects ofembodiments and embodiments of the present invention. Veneers producedfrom the logs were bleached and dyed so as to simulate the coloration ofa tropical hardwood. FIGS. 12A through 12C are photographs of Merantiveneers of the prior art; FIGS. 13A through 13C are photographs ofBintangor veneers of the prior art; and FIGS. 14A through 14C arephotographs of Okoume veneers of the prior art. A comparison of FIGS.11A through 11C with FIGS. 12A through 14C demonstrates that the visualconsistency of a face 10 of a simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel made according to certain aspects and embodimentsof the present invention is greater than or equal to the visualconsistency of a commodity tropical hardwood-based panel of the priorart. By using appropriate stains, bleaching processes or a combinationthereof, a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel of thepresent invention may be tailored to match a coloring of any of a numberof tropical woods, and thereby provide familiarity to practitioners inthe building trades while at the same time reducing or eliminating theneed for commodity tropical hardwood-based panels that includenon-sustainable tropical hardwoods.

Moreover by using one or more hardwoods including one or morenon-tropical species, one or more plantations species, one or morenon-tropical plantations species, or combinations thereof, a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel made according to certainaspects and embodiments of the present invention constitutes asustainable product that can be made for a cost that is lower than equalto the cost of a commodity tropical hardwood-based panel that itreplaces. To that end, those skilled in the art, after having beenexposed to and/or having studied the aspects of embodiment andembodiments of the present invention, will appreciate that according toaspects of embodiments and embodiments of the present invention numerousbenefits and advantages may be attained including, for example,providing a laminate structure that is sustainable, a laminate structurethat does not adversely impact the tropical forests of the world, and alaminate structure that can be manufactured in a more consistent manner.

In operation, a simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel may bemanufactured using sustainable resources as illustrated by the exemplaryprocesses and products described below.

Process for Manufacturing Simulated Tropical Hardwood Engineered Veneer32 Capable of Face 12 Usage:

Log Selection for Engineered Veneer:

Hardwood logs are selected from sustainable sources. For example,engineered veneers can be made using poplar (Populus) logs, which may beconsidered a temperate hardwood abundant throughout its natural growthrange, capable of being grown on plantations, and thus easily renewableso as to insure sustainability. Once selected, the logs are brought tothe mill for processing. The logs can be trimmed, sawed to about 2600 mmlengths, and debarked to ready them for slicing, peeling or sawing intonatural veneer. In addition to poplar logs, birch (Betula spp.) logs orother logs from one or more sustainable sources of wood can be used toproduce the engineered veneer.

Log Slicing, Peeling or Sawing for Engineered Veneer:

The trimmed and sawed logs can be mounted onto a commercially availableveneer peeling lathe (model BQ-1120 BQ-270, peeling length of about1300-2700 mm, peeling diameter of about 100-1600 mm, veneer thickness ofabout 0.4-3.0 mm made by Yancheng Qingtong Machine CO., Ltd.) and peeledinto rotary natural veneers about 0.2 mm thick. This can be achieved bypressing a rotating log towards a large blade, thinly peeling off thelog as a continuous sheet of natural veneer about 0.2 mm thick, andslicing the continuous sheet into leaves about 2550 mm long×about 750 mmwide. The natural veneer leaves can be separated for variouscharacteristics. Lower grades of leaves that are not suitable for use inmanufacturing the engineered veneer face 12 can be set aside for use ascore material.

Optional Natural Veneer Leaf Bleaching for Engineered Veneer:

In some instances, it may be desirable to place the natural veneerleaves into a bleaching vessel containing a commercially availablebleach solution comprising a 10 percent solution of Hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂) in water at a temperature of about 60° C. for about 3° hours toremove color pigmentation from the natural veneer and/or color relateddefects such as mineral streaks, stains, and natural variations.

Natural Veneer Leaf Dyeing for Engineered Veneer:

In the present instance, it may be desirable to dye the natural veneerleaves light red. A water soluble dye formulation can be prepared andcan include water, about 0.06 grams/liter yellow dye, about 0.025 gramsper liter red dye and about 0.003 grams per liter blue dye. Selectednatural veneer leaves can be stacked into a steel cage separated by thinwires to insure that each leaf is completely exposed to the dye watersoluble dye formulation. The fully loaded steel cage can be immersedinto a vessel and then filled with the water soluble dye formulation.The filled vessel can then be pressurized to about normal atmosphericpressure (about 101 kilopascal (kPa)), heated to a temperature of about90° C., and held at about 90° C. for about 8 hours to insure that eachleaf is sufficiently infiltrated by the dye formulation. Once thedesired light red color has been attained, the dyed natural veneerleaves can be unloaded from the vessel.

Natural Veneer Leaf Drying for Engineered Veneer:

Whether bleached or not, the natural veneer leaves can be passed on awire mesh conveyor belt through a commercially available oven (ModelDWF, made by Changzhou Fengqi Drier Equipment Co., Ltd.) set at atemperature of about 100° C. for about 5 minutes to remove excessmoisture and dry the natural veneer leaves to a predetermined moisturecontent (e.g., typically about 8%-16% depending on the species). Thepredetermined moisture content of the natural veneer leaves can bebetween about 14%-16%, for example.

Natural Veneer Leaf Gluing for Engineered Veneer:

Approximately 800 dyed natural veneer leaves can be stacked with a layerof a commercially available dyed low formaldehyde emission (LFE)adhesive (sold under the trade name Kaivuan by Kaivuan) between adjacentleaves to create a precursor flitch.

Artificial Flitch Formation for Engineered Veneer:

The precursor flitch can then be placed between the flat dies of acommercially available high pressure press that then pressurized theprecursor flitch to about 12 kg/cm² (about 1.2 MPa) at about roomtemperature for about 2 hours to bond the leaves together and therebycreating an artificial flitch measuring about 2550 mm long by about 680mm wide by 660 mm high. This artificial flitch is then substantiallyready to be sliced into leaves of engineered veneer.

Formation of Engineered Veneer 32 Capable of Face 12 Usage:

The artificial flitch can be mounted onto a frame of a commerciallyavailable veneer slicer (such as a veneer slicer made by MudanjiangDongjiang Wood Industries CO. Ltd., for example) so that the bondednatural veneer leaves of artificial flitch strike the knife at asubstantially right angle to produce leaves of engineered veneer (about0.1-0.4 mm thick or, alternatively, about 0.15-0.2 mm thick). Theengineered veneer leaves can be collected and properly dried to a watercontent between about 18% to 20% as required.

Process for Manufacturing Natural Veneers Capable of Core 16 and/or Back14 Usage:

Log Selection for Core and/or Back:

Hardwood logs are selected from sustainable sources. For example, coresand backs can be made using poplar (Populus) logs, which may beconsidered temperate hardwoods abundant throughout their natural growthrange, capable of being grown on plantations, and thus easily renewableso as to insure sustainability. Once selected, the logs can be broughtto the mill for processing. The logs can be trimmed, sawed to about 1220mm lengths, and debarked to ready them for slicing, peeling or sawinginto natural veneer. In addition to poplar logs, birch (Betula spp.)logs or other logs from one or more sustainable sources of wood can beused to produce the cores and backs.

Log Slicing, Peeling or Sawing for Core and/or Back:

The trimmed and sawed logs can be mounted onto a commercially availableveneer peeling lathe (such as model BQ-1120/10A, peeling length of about1150-2000 mm, peeling diameter of about 125-1000 mm, veneer thickness ofabout 0.6-4.0 mm made by Yancheng Qingtong Machine CO., Ltd., forexample) and peeled into rotary natural veneers. This can be achieved bypressing a rotating log towards a large blade, thinly peeling off thelog as a continuous sheet of natural veneer (about 1.3 mm-1.6 mm thick),and slicing the continuous sheet into leaves (about 601 mm long×about1220 mm wide). The natural veneer leaves can be separated for variouscharacteristics. Lower grades of leaves that are not suitable for use asback 14 can be set aside for use in core 16.

Optional Natural Veneer Leaf Bleaching for Core and/or Back:

In some instances, it may be desirable to place the natural veneerleaves into a bleaching vessel containing a commercially availablebleach solution comprising a 10 percent solution of H2O2 in water at atemperature of about 60° C. for about 3° hours to remove colorpigmentation from the natural veneer and/or color related defects suchas mineral streaks, stains, and natural variations.

Natural Veneer Leaf Dyeing for Core and/or Back:

In the present instance, it may be desirable to dye the natural veneerleaves light red, for example. A water soluble dye formulation can beprepared and can include water, about 0.06 grams/liter yellow dye, about0.025 grams per liter red dye and about 0.003 grams per liter blue dye.Selected natural veneer leaves can be stacked into a steel cageseparated by thin wires to insure that each leaf is completely exposedto the dye water soluble dye formulation. The fully loaded steel cagecan be placed into a vessel which can then be filled with the watersoluble dye formulation. The filled vessel can then be pressurized toabout normal atmospheric pressure (about 101 kilopascal (kPa)), heatedto a temperature of about 90° C., and held at about 90° C. for about 8hours to insure that each leaf is sufficiently infiltrated by the dyeformulation. Once the desired light red color has been attained, thedyed natural veneer leaves can be unloaded from the vessel.

Natural Veneer Leaf Drying for Core and/or Back:

Whether bleached or not, the natural veneer leaves can be passed on awire mesh conveyor belt through a commercially available oven (such asmodel DWF, made by Changzhou Fengqi Drier Equipment Co., Ltd., forexample) set at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 5° minutes toremove excess moisture and dry the natural veneer leaves to apredetermined moisture content (e.g., typically about 8%-14% dependingon the species). In the case of the dyed natural veneer leaves, thepredetermined moisture content can be between about 16%-18%.

Process for Manufacturing Commodity Grade Simulated Tropicalhardwood-based Panel:

Plywood Substrate Construction:

Four dyed natural veneer leaves from step 2 can be provided to acommercially available production line including: (i) a panel feeder,(ii) a brush machine, (iii) an adhesive spreader, (iv) a disc table, (v)a press, and (vi) inspection conveyor configured to produce nominallyabout 1220 mm wide×about 2440 mm long×about 5.2 mm thick (4′×8′×13/64″)plywood substrates. The back layer of the plywood substrate can includea “CC” or better natural veneer leaf from step 2. The core of theplywood substrates can include three (3) layers of “BB” or betternatural veneer leaves from step 2. The grain directions of the backlayer and core layer leaves can be alternated so as to be substantiallyperpendicular in contiguous layers. Commercially available lowformaldehyde emission (LFE) adhesive (sold under the trade name Huada byHuada) can be used to bond the contiguous layers.

Plywood Substrate Sizing:

The plywood substrates of step 3 (a) can then be trimmed using acommercially available trim line for panel sizing including: (i) aplywood substrates feeder, (ii) a width tenoner, (iii) a 90 Degreetransfer, and (v) a length tenoner configured to size the nominallyabout 1220 mm wide×about 2440 mm long×about 5.2 mm thick (4′×8′× 13/64″)plywood substrates.

Plywood Substrate Sanding:

The sized plywood substrates of step 3 (b) can then be sanded using acommercially available sanding line for panel sizing including: (i) headsander cross belt, pad, pad, pad, (ii) a plywood substrate rotator, and(iii) a head sander cross belt, pad, cross belt, pad, pad. The sandingline can finish the back layers of the plywood substrates to ensure thatthey have a quality of “CC” or better.

Finishing Commodity Grade Simulated Tropical Hardwood-Based PanelCompletion:

An engineered veneer leaf from step 1 can be applied to a sized plywoodsubstrate of step 3 (c) using a commercially available production lineincluding: (i) a panel feeder, (ii) a brush machine, (iii) an adhesivespreader, (iv) a disc table, (v) a press, and (vi) inspection conveyorconfigured to finish the nominally about 1220 mm wide×about 2440 mmlong×about 5.2 mm thick (4′×8′× 13/64″) plywood panels. The face of theplywood panel can include an engineered veneer leaf from step 1 havingthe adhesive lines and end grain of the natural veneer leaves alignedsubstantially parallel with the long side of the plywood panels andperpendicular to the surface of the plywood panel. Commerciallyavailable low formaldehyde emission (LFE) adhesive (sold under the tradename Huada by Huada) can be used to bond the engineered veneer leaf tothe sized plywood substrate thereby completing the commodity gradesimulated tropical hardwood-based panel.

Characterizing within face visual consistency of a wooden board and/or awood-based panel may be determined using:

(a) a color sensing based mechanism and associated sensors;

(b) a luminous intensity based mechanism and associated sensors;

(c) an image contrast based mechanism and associated sensors; or

(d) combinations thereof.

A color sensing based mechanism and associated sensors entail colormeasurement. Any color is a mixture of three (3) colors in differentquantities, Red, Blue and Green (RBG). A color sensor absorbs light froman object to be characterized and convert that data into a digital form.Luminous intensity (Iv) based mechanism entails measuring thewavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particulardirection. Image contrast based mechanism entails measuring a differencein the color and brightness of an object and other objects within thesame field of view. The table below provides information about differentcharacterization mechanism capable of being configured to quantifywithin face visual consistency and corresponding commercially availablesensors for performing such characterization.

Different Characterization Mechanism Capable of Being Configured toQuantify within Face Visual Consistency and Associated SensorsCharacterization Luminous Mechanism Image Contrast Color Color Intensity(Iv) Associated Sensor Banner R55E EMX TAOS Keyence color sensorColorMax 100 TCS230-DB LV-21AP 0-7-4 color color sensor kit sensorsensor Sensor Supplier Banner EMX Texas Advanced Keyence EngineeringIndustries, Inc. Optoelectronic Corporation Corporation, (EMX Inc.),Solutions, of America Minneapolis, Cleveland, Incorporated Woodcliff MN,USA Ohio, USA (TAOS Inc.) Lake, NJ, USA Plano, TX, USA Associated SensorBanner R55E EMX TAOS Keyence color sensor ColorMax 100 TCS230-DB LV-21AP0-7-4 color color sensor kit sensor sensor Supplier Internethttp://info.bann http://www.em http://www.tao http://www.ke Resourceersalesforce.co xinc.com/color sinc.com/getfil yence.com/serm/xpedio/grou max.html#colo e.aspx?type=pr vices/downloa ps/public/docurmaxdata ess&file=tcs23 d.php?file=lv_(—) ments/literature/ 0-db_doc.pdfgeneral_ka.pdf 59574.pdf &fs=LV- H64&done=/p roducts/sensors/laser/laser.php Associated Sensor Banner R55E EMX TAOS Keyence colorsensor ColorMax 100 TCS230-DB LV-21AP 0-7-4 color color sensor kitsensor sensor Type of Sensor Analog Analog Digital (color Digitalsensor) Range operations about ¼ inch to about 1½ about 1 inch to up toabout height “h” about ¾ inch inches to about about 2 inches 25 inches 3inches Integration to Easy Easy Not easy Easy other software AssociatedSensor Banner R55E EMX TAOS Keyence color sensor Color Max 100 TCS230-DBLV-21AP 0-7-4 color color sensor kit sensor sensor Area covered in Smallarea Small area Small area Complete every reading board width possible

Some noteworthy characteristics for the sensors of the able baleinclude:

Range:

The measurement range affects the resolution of the sensor. An increasedrange will decrease the resolution, but will result in an increase inthe sensing area. Both factors are to be considered when determiningsensing parameters, as well as the usefulness of the sensor for aspecific application.

External Light: Sensors often are disturbed by external/ambient light.However, modern sensors have been developed that are designed toovercome effect of external light.

Angle “θ” of measurement:

(Often an angle “θ” of measurement is kept substantially at about 0degrees with respect to the normal to a surface from which readings arebeing taken. With the Banner, TAOS and Keyence sensors, an angle “θ” upto about 15 degrees may be possible to observe same readings from (FIG.1: i.e., angle “θ” may range from substantially at about 0 degrees toabout 15 degrees to the normal {Y-axis in FIG. 15A} to a surface).

To compare the within face visual consistency between two sample sets,manual sampling measurements may be conducted in a random fashion (seeFIG. 15B) and/or stratified random fashion (see FIG. 15C). Asillustrated FIG. 15A, the angle “θ” of the sensor while measurements arebeing taken may be between about 0 to about 15 degrees to the normal ofthe surface of the face. However, it is desirable that once an angle “θ”is selected that it be kept substantially constant while measurementsare being taken within a sample face and from sample to sample.Likewise, it is desirable that the distance height “h” from the sampleface surface to the sensor be kept substantially constant whilemeasurements are being taken. As illustrated FIG. 15B, random samplingfrom locations within a face of a sample surface involves generatingcoordinates within a face of the sample using a pseudo random numbergenerator (simple random sampling). As illustrated FIG. 15C, stratifiedrandom sampling involves dividing a face of the sample into homogenoussubgroups and then taking a simple random sample within each facesubgroup.

RELEVANT STATISTICS AND DEFINITIONS

The sample mean is the average and is computed as the sum of all theobserved outcomes from the sample divided by the total number of events.

$\begin{matrix}{\overset{\_}{x} = {\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\; x}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

Where:

-   -   x=mean    -   n=number of observed outcomes (sample size)    -   x=observed value

The variance and standard deviation are indicators of the spread ordistribution of the data.

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{2} = {\frac{1}{n - 1}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( {x - \overset{\_}{x}} \right)^{2}}}}{{{Where}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} s^{2}} = {variance}}\text{}{And}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2} \\{{s = \sqrt{s^{2}}}{{{Where}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} s} = {{standard}\mspace{14mu} {deviation}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

Furthermore, the dispersion of the data around the mean is also given bythe coefficient of variation. It is a useful statistic for comparing thedegree of variation from one data series to another, even if the meansare drastically different from each other.

$\begin{matrix}{{c_{v} = {\frac{s}{\overset{\_}{x}}*100}}{{{Where}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} c_{v}} = {{Coefficient}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {variation}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 4}\end{matrix}$

Determination of Sample Size

Calculation of an appropriate sample size depends upon a number offactors unique to each population and it is down to you to make thedecision regarding these factors. The three most important are:

-   -   How accurate you wish to be.    -   How confident you are in the results.    -   What budget you have available.

When sample data is collected and the sample mean is calculated, thatsample mean is typically different from the population mean. Thisdifference between the sample and population means can be thought of asan error. The margin of error is the maximum difference between theobserved sample mean and the true value of the population mean and isgiven by the following equation (assuming that n will be greater than30):

$\begin{matrix}{{E = {z\frac{a}{2}\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}}}{{{Where}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} E} = {{Margin}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {error}}}\text{}\mspace{76mu} {{z\frac{a}{2}} = {{Critical}\mspace{14mu} {value}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 5}\end{matrix}$

If n is smaller than or equal to 30, a Student t Distribution should beused. For a 95% confidence level (most commonly used), the criticalvalue is 1.96. It is equal to 2.58 for a confidence level of 99%, and1.64 for 90%.

Measurement Outcomes

There are two ways of comparing the amount of variation present betweentwo data sets. Assuming that there are an equal number of samplesmeasured, the coefficient of variation of the two sample sets can becompared. This method is, however, adequate only for rough comparisonsand cannot be statistically validated without further comparisons.Evaluating the cv is, however, a useful tool for in house testing tomonitor operational and manufacturing efficiencies.

A valid statistical test to compare the uniformity of two data sets(comparer the variances) is an F test. In particular, we willinvestigate whether two variances are different. In this case, it isnatural to write down the null and alternative hypotheses:

H₀: s₁ ²=s₂ ²

H₁: s₁ ²≠s₂ ²

Note that the alternative hypothesis can have the inequality “>” if weare interesting in showing that the first population has a largervariance than the second. By convention, s_(i) ² will always be thelarger of the two sample variances.

$\begin{matrix}{F = \frac{s_{1}^{2}}{s_{2}^{2}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 6}\end{matrix}$

with n−1 degrees of freedom for both the numerator and denominator. Thecorresponding P-values can then be read from an F-distribution table andcompared to the right tailed area corresponding to the way the nullhypothesis is stated.

Software

A number of the above analyses may be carried out using softwareprovided by the sensor vendors and/or commercially available software,such as, SigmaScan image analysis software package available from AspireSoftware International, Ashburn, Va., USA(http://www.aspiresoftwareintl.com/html/sigmascan_pro.html)

Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, allnumbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, andso forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood asbeing modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in thefollowing specification and attached claims are approximations that mayvary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by anaspect of an embodiment and/or embodiments of the present invention. Atthe very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of thedoctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numericalparameter should be construed in light of the number of significantdigits and ordinary rounding approaches.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in theirrespective testing measurements.

The above descriptions of various exemplary embodiments of the inventionhave been set forth for the purpose of illustrating various aspects andfeatures of the invention, and are not intended to limit the inventionthereto. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that certainmodifications and adaptations can be made to the described embodimentswithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All suchmodifications and adaptations have been excluded herein for the sake ofconciseness and readability, and are properly within the scope of theappended claims.

1. A simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel comprising; a. anengineered veneer face comprising a first wood from one or moresustainable sources of wood, the face having a dyed coloring, asimulated grain, or a dyed coloring and a simulated grain that issubstantially similar to the coloring, grain, or coloring and grain of afirst tropical hardwood face veneer; b. a back; and c. a core disposedbetween the face and back; d. wherein the face, the core and back arestacked and adhered together to form a laminated panel; and e. whereinthe face of the simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel has anappearance that is substantially similar to the appearance of the faceveneer of a commodity tropical hardwood-based panel comprising the firsttropical hardwood face veneer; and f. wherein the panel comprises notropical hardwood from a non-sustainable source of wood.
 2. Thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel of claim 1 wherein thefirst wood is a non-tropical species, a plantations species, anon-tropical plantations species, or a combination thereof.
 3. Thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel of claim 1 wherein thefirst wood is a temperate hardwood, a boreal hardwood, or a combinationthereof.
 4. The simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel ofclaim 1 wherein the engineered veneer face comprises a plurality ofelongated wood strips arranged in edge to edge relation.
 5. Thesimulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel of claim 1 wherein thecore comprises a plurality of core plies.
 6. The simulated commoditytropical hardwood-based panel of claim 1 wherein the back comprises asecond wood from one or more sustainable sources of wood, the backhaving a second dyed coloring that is substantially similar to thecoloring of a second tropical hardwood veneer.
 7. The simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel of claim 6 wherein the firstwood and the second wood are the same species of wood.
 8. The simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel of claim 6 wherein the firsttropical hardwood veneer and the second tropical hardwood veneer are thesame species of tropical hardwood.
 9. The simulated commodity tropicalhardwood-based panel of claim 1 wherein the engineered veneer face has avisual consistency that is substantially the same as the visualconsistency of a face veneer of a commodity tropical hardwood-basedpanel.
 10. The simulated commodity tropical hardwood-based panel ofclaim 1 wherein the engineered veneer face comprises a temperatehardwood or a boreal hardwood.
 11. A method of producing a simulatedcommodity tropical hardwood-based panel comprising the steps of: a.cutting a face veneer from wood from one or more sustainable sources ofwood; b. whitening, dyeing, or whitening and dyeing the face veneer suchthat the face veneer has a coloring, a simulated grain, or a coloringand simulated grain that is substantially similar to the coloring,grain, or coloring and grain of a selected tropical hardwood veneer; andc. adhering the face veneer and two or more wood plies comprising one ormore hardwoods from one or more sustainable sources of wood to form alaminated panel.
 12. The method of claim 11 comprising cutting the faceveneer from a non-tropical species of hardwood, a plantations species ofhardwood, a non-tropical plantations species of hardwood, or acombination thereof.
 13. The method of claim 11 further comprisingcutting the face veneer into a plurality of elongated strips, arrangingthe strips in parallel edge to edge relation, and adhering the stripsand the two or more wood plies together to form the laminated panel. 14.The method of claim 11 further comprising measuring the visualconsistency of the face veneer after the step of whitening, dyeing, orwhitening and dyeing.
 15. A plywood panel having an engineered faceveneer comprising a hardwood from one or more sustainable sources ofwood, wherein the face veneer is whitened, dyed, or whitened and dyed tohave an appearance that is substantially similar to the appearance of aface veneer of a commodity tropical hardwood-based plywood panel. 16.The plywood panel of claim 15 wherein the hardwood is a non-tropicalspecies, a plantations species, a non-tropical plantations species, or acombination thereof.
 17. The plywood panel of claim 15 wherein theengineered face veneer comprises a temperate hardwood or a borealhardwood.